Payroll system for thesis Essay

Introduction This chapter present the introductory part of the study about accounting system in DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. The purpose of this study is to ensure that the project will support the business requirement in accounting and improve better service to the employee in DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILLIPINES. This study is conducted by Mary Ann Ivy Bautista, and Sheeneryl Lacay. We are proposing this study to the accounting department of DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. Since the DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES is using office manual system in excel and they are thinking about creating a database to make payroll easily, and that would lessen their time in creating payroll to their employee. Background of the study According to the student handbook, DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES was established in October 1993, and was formerly known as the Davao Merchant Marine Academy (DMMA). Accounting is the system of recording and summarizing business and financial transactions and analyzing, verifying, and reporting the results according to Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Technology today is fast changing many business company try to adopt the changing technology like DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES in order to stay competitive. Computers have the great impact on the profession of accounting. The program also allows the 15 days payroll schedule to be calculated accurately. Just by having all teachers and employees information like name, wages etc to enter in the database. Therefore, payroll can be done with the guide o f the program. The system is good in the fields of accounting specialty. It is easy to use, effective and efficient in calculating the payroll. In addition this study aims to develop a reliable and manageable computerized payroll system for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES for a better manageable of a business. Project Context Purpose and Description Objectives of the Project Scope and Delimitations of the Project Scope This study is designed to develop a Computerizes payroll system for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES. It covers the process of preparing the pay slip of each employee, the regular and part time employee, keeping of record safety and computing the exact wages of each employee. Including the stored report list of employee such as Monthly Salary, Basic Pay, Teaching, Adjustment, Overtime, Allowance, Course Manual, Rice Allowance, Gross Pay, Net Pay, Deduction such as SSS Premium, Withholding tax, Cash Advances, SSS Loan, PAG-IBIG Loan, MAXICARE, Sunlife, PhilHealth, Absences/Tardiness, Canteen Advance, SEAMPCO and other like Grepalife, Mandug Lot, LLS IOU, HSBC Loan, MLCR IOU, Pag-ibig housing Caritas, AUO Rice. The proposed Payroll System for DMMA COLLEGE OF SOUTHERN PHILIPPINES is expected to generate Pay Slip of Employees, 15 days pay period. The system will be network to the HR, Accounting department, and Cashier. Delimitation The proposed Payroll System for Dmma College of southern Philippines does not support online program or online transaction. Significance of the Project The proposed system will help the accounting section of Dmma College of Southern Philippines especially the Payroll maker/bookkeeper and the Finance Officer. It will help to lessen the time and effort of the payroll maker/bookkeeper in preparing payments of employees. The system develop can accommodate changing figures through well design database. Definition of Terms Payroll System A payroll system is a computerized technique that is used to calculate the sum of salaries employees who need to be paid in an organization. Company A business enterprise firm. Employee A person employed at a wage or salary. Record A document that contains an account particularly in terms of collection. Service Contribution to the welfare of others. Database An integrated collection of data which provides a more efficient way of storage and retrieval of data and is capable of processing large portions of data immediately. System A set of related components that produces specific results. Technology It is the study of practical or industrial arts. Review of Related Literature: In less than a generation, computer technology has revolutionized businessall over the world. This has brought about changes in the area of business,finance, industry, government, agriculture, education, health care, sports and even on our personal lives. Today, computers do much of the works. Datacollection continues to become easier and easier, data processing is getting faster and faster, mathematical calculations continue to be performed with increased precision and information is being provided to users in generally more useful forms. Such that was made possible through the use of electronic files and database.This chapter presents some of the previous related works relevant to the understanding of the problem. In order to gather information, the authors usedbooks, thesis and encyclopedia. The wide spread development of digital technology also results to parallel advance in software, which allows this technology to be used by persons other than computer experts. The database has become a central organized framework for information system, taking advantage of the concept of data independence that allows sharing among diverse system– Organized collection of data maintained and used with the aid of management information system (mis). It is a state of the art information system process and retrieves information ever faster; they are more robust in terms of the volume of data that they can process and in terms of reliability; and their performance is more cost-effective. The central component of information system, the database may be distributed over a number of processor in different geographic locations, yet queries can processed simultaneously against the composite database

Philosophy †Justice Essay

In most of the ancient world, strong fighters won all the glory. But in Athens, great thinkers and wise men were honored. People listened to them and followed their advice. Even today, people admire the ideas of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Their teachings are at the root of modern philosophy and science. Alfred Whitehead is quoted as saying: â€Å"The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. † If you really know how to read Plato, the truth behind this statement is easy to see. Nearly every great philosophical idea was discussed by Plato to some extent. The best way to put it is the way the Stanford Encyclopedia puts it: â€Å"Few other authors in the history of philosophy approximate him in depth and range. † A great example would be his theory of justice, the present day definition of justice is â€Å"a scheme or system of law in which every person receives his/her/its due from the system, including all rights, both natural and legal. † This definition dates back to Plato, One’s search for the meaning of justice in Platos â€Å"Republic† would finally lead to two definitions : -Justice is Harmony. (Plato, Republic, Book 4, section 443b) – Justice is doing one’s own job. ( Plato, Republic, Book 4, section 443b) However finding these definitions is hardly enough to define justice, so Plato went further and offered two analogies to get a clear sense of what justice is, â€Å"the division of parts in the soul as well as the parts of the state†, the soul (nature) being personal morals and the state (legal) being societal morals. Another would be his theory of human nature, he believed we were rational, social animals. Plato tended to identify our nature with reason, and our souls, as opposed to our bodies. He believed that who we are depends on what kind of a soul we have—a philosopher soul, a guardian or warrior soul, or an artisan soul. This is the general role we should play in society (Theory of self). Success or failure at life depends upon what sort of society we live in. Human life needs to be political for Plato, spent in the discovery of the proper manner in which sociality ought to be organized, and then in the practical implementation of that ideal in our own societies. We are rational and social creatures, but we become who we are in society. In order to become what we truly are, we must live in the true (or ideal) society. Essence is grasped by rational analysis, as it is separate from change. This is yet another theory that according to my view of the world defines human nature, defines who we are as a people and what is required.

Occupational Therapy vs Physical Therapy

Many people might question the relationship between occupational therapy and physical therapy. Some think the professions are the same or that the terms are the same; there are a few different therapies for people who have been faced with a stroke, a disability, or any injury that has caused physical restrictions. The methods and techniques used in these therapies can overlap with each other, but both occupational therapy and physical therapy covers all aspects of the patient’s health including their physical, psychological, and mental state. Occupational therapists and physical therapists are similar when it comes to training. The fields of occupational and physical therapy usually involve the training of patients and improving the abilities of their motor functions. Occupational therapists and physical therapists share certain areas such as body awareness, strength and endurance, classroom positioning and adaptations, and sensory motor skills. They both involve accessing the medical history of the patients as well as evaluating their current performances, setting therapeutic goals, developing a plan, and applying a treatment that enables the patient to function better. After an illness, serious injury, or surgery, you may recover slowly. One may need to regain their strength, relearn lost skills or find new ways of doing things they once did. The process is called rehabilitation. Rehabilitation often focuses on occupational therapy to help the patients with their daily activities. Physical therapy is needed to help their fitness, mobility, and strength. One example of how a similar activity might be used in occupational therapy versus physical therapy is where the patient might be asked to work on a crossword puzzle or another activity. In occupational therapy, the OT would be watching to see how well the patient is able to understand and spot the words among other letters, and the patient’s capacity to hold the pencil steadily and circle the word. In the physical therapy setting, the PT might have the patient stand up at the table if he/she usually sits in a wheelchair and maintain his/her balance while circling the words. For this certain activity the gross motor controls would be more of the focus. There are also some differences between Occupational therapy and Physical therapy that may make each therapy distinctive from each other. Occupational therapy mainly focuses on evaluating and improving the patient’s functional abilities. The OT does not directly treat a person’s injury but they do help the patient gain back their freedom and their ability to accomplish their daily activities. The occupational therapists main purpose is to improve life skills and most of the time involves adaptive equipment. On the other hand, physical therapy is focused on treating the patient’s injuries itself and helping prevent further injuries. The PT will make a diagnosis and treat the physical source of the problem like the structures and injured tissues. A physical therapist studies mostly over the musculoskeletal system and the anatomy. Occupational therapists receive extra training in oral and hand skill interventions and physical therapists obtain more training in the postural development and gross motor. The common and easy dividing line is, occupational therapists work with the patient’s body from the waist up, and physical therapists work with the patient’s body from the waist down. Although occupational and physical therapy uses different methods when treating the patients, the number one goal for both professions is the same: they both solve the function of maintaining the fitness and overall health of the individual. Both of the professions make every effort to cover all the aspects of the human health such as; mental, physical, and psychological.

Examine the structure, keywords, and power words used to write rsums Essay - 2

Examine the structure, keywords, and power words used to write rsums and cover letters - Essay Example There may be a dozen people who can fill any given position, so you must make sure that your rà ©sumà © stands out through individualized formatting, and personal touches of your own. Your rà ©sumà © must stand out or it might never get noticed in the first place. But it is important that these do not conflict with readability, because, as mentioned before, you need all of the information to fly off of the page. If the information is not incredibly accessible, no one will bother to give your rà ©sumà © enough time to crack the code and find out what is going on with it – they’ll just move to the next one in the stack. The problem is that a common â€Å"do† that goes along with these two themes also in some ways conflicts with them. One of the major issues is keywords and power words. Rà ©sumà © builders are often told to mirror the language that the job offer has to ensure that the recruiting officer does not have to work very hard to understand how perfe ctly you might fit the job. The problem is that rà ©sumà © builders are also perpetually told not to let their rà ©sumà © blend in or look â€Å"standard.† One can assume that everyone will be mirroring the language of the job description, and this might make one seem like part of the pack rather than a standout. This is a hard situation to deal with. One of the interesting ideas that I had previously heard but did not see mirrored on any website was to include a â€Å"skills/things that people do not usually put on rà ©sumà ©s† that can make you you: things like winning your workplace’s football pool 10 years in a row or the fact that you are a marathon runner. This keeps the individuality there while still being allowed to mirror language There is one definite rà ©sumà © don’t: don’t make your rà ©sumà © too long. Some positions require highly detailed of skills

Why Did the Axis Powers Form During World War II Essay

Why Did the Axis Powers Form During World War II - Essay Example The Axis Powers were formed on the basis of three countries – Germany, Italy, and Japan. The powers later expanded to include the states that fell victims to fascist violence and surrendered themselves to the military superiority of the Axis Powers. Reasons behind the creation of the Axis Powers were numerous, but the most important was the desire of Germany, Italy and Japan to expand their territorial possessions. The territorial ambitions of the Axis states had been explicit even before the beginning of WWII, and the creation of the Axis Powers made it easier for Germany, Italy and Japan to expand their territorial presence in Europe and beyond. The Second World War is fairly considered as one of the most complicated military conflicts in the history of humanity. Just a hundred years after Karl von Clausewitz created his landmark paper on strategic planning in military operations, the entire world engaged in one of the most terrible and destructive military conflicts.1 Befor e World War II, all military conflicts, including international ones, had been fairly simple: one country would attack another one, defeat or retreat it to occupy a new position.2 During the Second World War, even the simplest things became extremely complicated, and the creation of the Axis Powers reflected the discussed complexity. The formation of the Axis Powers marked a new stage in the development of the international military conflict and had the goal of fulfilling the desires and ambitions of its members. During WWII, enemies fought as members of one of the two alliances: the Allies and the Axis. The Axis Powers based on Germany, Italy, and Japan.3 German hegemony within the Axis Powers was undeniable; Italy and Japan followed German orders without any opposition. Simultaneously, the Axis Powers were formed in ways that distributed the weight of political and military influence among its members: while Germany controlled most of continental Europe, Italy controlled the Medit erranean Sea and Japan was given the fullest control over the Pacific and East Asia.4 Apparently, territorial ambitions were the main reason why Italy and Japan joined the Axis Powers. The latter also had the goal of destroying the communist regime and weakening the unprecedented political and military strength of the Soviet Union.5 However, territorial expansion was still the major element of cooperation uniting Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Axis Powers fought hard to expand their territorial presence and create several large empires, based on conquering other states and overthrowing their political regimes.6 Among the Allies, the Axis Powers were considered as states that exhausted all honorable means to create peace and were willing to bargain even for a half of the loaf when they could not get the whole – this is what Mr. Myron Taylor said upon his visit to Rome in 1942.7 It should be noted, that the territorial ambitions of the Axis Powers had become visible even before the beginning of the Second World War. On November 1, 1936, Italy and Germany formed a Rome-Berlin Axis with the interest of destabilizing the peace and order in continental Europe.8 The Rome-Berlin Axis relied on friendship between the two countries and exemplified a productive attempt to expand the power of influence on other states in Europe and beyond. Just a month later, Japan and Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Pact against the Soviet Union; the Pact was joined by Italy on November 6, 1937.9 By the end of 1938, the territorial a

Management Styles within Large and Small Firms and How These Styles Essay

Management Styles within Large and Small Firms and How These Styles May Impact On the Employment Relationship - Essay Example This adoption of managerial styles has yielded long term workforce commitment and led to sustainable levels of overall organisational success (Turnbull and Blyton, 2004, p22). This statement clearly implies that management styles have a profound and measurable impact on the long run success of firms, although there have been claims that the managerial styles in large firms differ from those adopted in small firms (Longnecker et al., 2000, p75), due to a number of possible reasons. As a result, the employment relationship also differs within large and small firms operating within the same industry. According to the European Commission (2005, p14), a small enterprise is described as a business, which employs less than 50 individuals. The annual balance sheet or the annual turnover for this business does not go beyond the 10 million euro mark (European Commission 2005, p14). On the other hand, a large enterprise is a business, which has more than 250 employees, and has exceeded the limi ts of a medium-sized enterprise (QFinance 2012, p1). Therefore, this study is attempts to critically appraise the management styles within companies of various sizes, in order to ascertain and illustrate the impact that variations in management styles may have upon the employment relationship. Management styles can be defined as the characteristic ways in which decisions are made related to the subordinates. They are the efforts, direction, and strategies used by the manager to develop an efficient workplace, and accomplish organizational goals. There are five management styles and they include autocratic, consultative, persuasive, democratic, and laissez faire management styles (Chartered Technofunctional Institute 2012, p1). This study is informed by reference to relevant examples and case studies drawn from academic literature, seeking to ensure a balanced examination of the issues relating to managerial styles and their relationship to the employment relationship. In order to do so, this study provides a comparison of the managemen t styles within firms with reference to theoretical concepts in order to examine the difference, if any, present in the styles used by small and large companies. This essay also describes how the concepts of ‘Unitarism’ and ‘Pluralism’ influence employment relationships, and moves on to a discussion played by trade unions and whether their presence or absence might affect the way in which employers and employees deal with one another. These discussions will be used to inform an examination of the main area of inquiry, providing an informed appraisal of the way in which management styles might affect the employment relationship in firms of varying size. Management Concepts Underlying the Management Styles within Large and Small Firms An abundance of academic literature has been published in the field of management, with one of the earliest theories on management style being that of Frederick Taylor (Casell et al. 2002, p673). This management style (Taylorism ) advocates the standardization of strict standards for performance, and was therefore widely adopted by large industrialized firms (Marlow and Patton, 2002, p22). Taylorism was based on quantity and time as important standards for the measurement of output (division of labour), meaning that the adequacy of any worker was judged by the capability to meet a particular production quota (Berk and Berk 2000, p91). Casell (et al. 2002, p674) states that critics of this management style argue that it degrades the workforce, treating them as mere factors of production: the emphasis on judging people according to rate of output also meant that the quality of an item did not matter, only

Critical Thinking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Critical Thinking - Assignment Example The effectiveness of sight can be limited by; colour blindness, night blindness, and when an eye is damaged such as looking directly at the sun, presbyopia which is aging. The sense of hearing is also limited by high pitch, loudness, and sound waves which are of high rates. (Schopenhauer, 1851) There are some reasons for believing in the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory information. Though the sensory organs may be active, environmental influences may tamper with our interpretation of the data the organ is sending to us. For example you can look into a forest and hear the silence and think that you can walk freely and safely but when walking an animal come down from a tree. Sensory organs are not always correct when interpreting some Sensory data that’s why we should not always rely on them. The sense of sight provides accurate information about the surrounding. For example if you see a tree swaying you know there is wind. When one touches a hot substance, a person’s sense of feeling will send a message to the brain and you are able to know that you can get burned. There are factors that contribute to the accuracy of sensory data and they are; oral sensory sensitivity, repeatability, use of mathematical tools to assess accuracy and reliability. By oral sensitivity, what a person says is stored in the brain since one can remember very well what one said and the responses given by others and the reactions from others. There are short and long term memories. Both rely on the sensory information storage (SIS) which holds images. Repeatability is reminding one thing at a time to avoid loosing some information which might be needed for reference. It improves the accuracy of information since the information cannot get lost. Also with the use of mathematical tools, accuracy is very high since the measurements are taken with a lot of care because one doesn’t want to make mistakes. Nature is the environment that we are living in and it’s the one that

Coursework on Change Management Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

On Change Management - Coursework Example The change in an organization can be in various forms. It can be in form of the top management, it can be in form of individual personnel who leaves due to certain reasons, could be the cut in funds from the donors side, and it could be as a result the entire supply chain supply and other exterior elements that affect the organization and its results in a direct manner. Ages ago Charles Darwin stated the need for adaptation and adjustment by stating that â€Å"it is not the strongest species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the ones who are most responsive† (Macmillan & Shaw.pg 11, 2004). To mitigate the effect of change, a completely separate discipline exists that focuses on the work plane for acting according to the change and further proceeding from that point on according to the requirements. The implementation of incumbent discipline enables identifying and further, implementation of all those elements which need to be taken care of. Change management allows c reating a work plan for mitigating and narrowing down the gap between the situation at hand and the desired situation which would lead to the successful results. Resistance to change is a natural phenomenon regardless of the discipline of management or other field of life. The mankind by nature resists change in its ambience; however change at times is very important for the survival of human beings as well as the endeavors they are involved in. Identifying the need for change is also an important decision. The timings of decision to change any variable is very vital. On time implementation can save the ship while out of time and random change can result in catastrophic disasters. In a given organization, change management could be about the change in its policies, managing change in terms of the change of strategy and work plan, manual operations to automated handling, in terms of the partners involved in project, hence change management is that integral part of the organization th at addresses all the important aspects of organization (Paton, Paton, & McCalman, 2008). An important feature of change management is it’s in time information and exposure. This principle works in such a way that demands actions at the right time and right occasion. Bringing about innovation in work is also a kind of change, since it involves doing something out of the ordinary and routine. Certain pre-requisites if followed in a proper manner provide a road map to effective change management. Involvement of stakeholders: The involvement of stakeholders who are directly or indirectly associated with it is of vital importance. This helps maintaining harmony in the working process and leads to more effective outputs intended from the change process (Green, 2007). These include highlighting the areas that need improvement in form of change, followed by the strategy to be adopted. Communication channel: An essential part of change process is the presence of communication channel. Absence or presence of communication can affect the process either way. Any change undertaken or under consideration must be in accordance with the approval of the working team as well as the requirements. Timeliness: A common saying goes as â€Å"a stitch in time saves nine†, the timing of change and applying the necessary tools and processes is of immense importance. The working team must be aware of the situation and should be well equipped on every front to confront any situation that

Drive Me Real Crazy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Drive Me Real Crazy - Essay Example It entices the mind to drive towards the desires of life. They entice the mind to break the rules and to seek adventure. Such adventure is fun and it yields ethereal and satisfying result. The promiscuity of the drunkard towards reckless acts is inevitable. It has engulfed the individual to a vortex of happiness that will be taken away in a few moments and replaced by nirvana: the everlasting happiness of death. O how I wish that humans learn to appreciate life. Yes, they do appreciate life. But are they spending it worthwhile? Or are they spending it sassy? Life is a commodity. It has a price to pay. There are risks and safety guidelines implemented to safeguard life. The sad thing is that they happily violate their very own lives. They drive their way to hell. Alcohol allures the individual. The allurement gives them a reason to try out death-enticing stunts. I hope it is death-defying. Practically speaking, driving under the enchantment of alcohol is death-defying. There is a desi re to drive along wildly. They defy death only to meet death. Now, that is really death-defying. They are digging up their own grave. The alcohol invokes the goodness of an individual. It makes them curse responsibly. They are real people; real fools. They hate the red light because they see that it is green. They are not colour blind; they are really blind. Even if they have four eyes to see things, they only recognize one thing when they drive under the influence of alcohol: journey to happiness. Such happiness is futile. It gives recourse that life is something worth wasting. They do not appreciate that life is a journey just like driving. Life’s possibilities are endless. However, the difference lies on how life ends when the spell of alcohol enters the mind. It enhances the consciousness. It invokes a deathly realization. It welcomes death. The bedazzling nature of alcohol gives drivers reason to defy. They accept the prescribed norms and initiates accordance to rules. T hey drive responsibly upon reaching their grave. It is too late for them to realize when they wake up inside their coffins; crying happily while reflecting their conditions. The question is, can they still reflect inside their graves or are they sleeping eternally? The question is obvious and the answer is very easy to find.  Ã‚  

Philosophy - Human Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Philosophy - Human Freedom - Essay Example The essay "Philosophy - Human Freedom" states the human freedom. However, this formal agreement known as the law or the legal system and it is steadily and constantly developing and changing as the new circumstances and situations arise. (Sections of this law, normally those that deal with human rights, are actually less changeable and some times are referred to as constitutions.) Therefore, our constitution is defined and supported by the legal systems. A general fallacy the regard freedom is to automatically believe that it is a by-product of the modern democracy. The only freedom practically bestowed by democracy on its members is that they have the right, that is, every few years to cast their votes for one of a set of the representatives who will administer or run the nation on their behalf. Whereas modern democracy is an essential basis for free societies, it necessarily doesn’t guarantee freedom. The fact that job falls to the legal system, which isn’t greatly in fluenced by the periodic voting, is the reason why freedom campaigns always involve legal challenges. According to Wolf, nevertheless, democracy can only be considered an agent of freedom if grants the people meaningful voting choices, that is, not just a choice of two or three political parties which only have cosmetic differences, but if it ensure that the citizens have the undistorted and evenhanded information that is necessary in making a choice that is in their interest (similarly, a mass media and educational system. that is free from undue corporate and government influence. Sometimes, people may want to use their democratic rights in restricting freedom (for instance, in the places of gun ownership, GM foods, stem cell research, fox hunting or war against terror and pedophilia. This is due to the fact that freedoms normally conflict with each other: what freedom means for an individual or group of individuals is always a restriction for another. For instance, the freedom to breathe fresh air depends on the restriction of freedom for the factories to generate or produce as much pollution as the wish. Thus, the freedom support is usually a balancing act between the combined long-term interests and the short-term interests of individual or group people. Under law, we find that corporations are considered individual people and hence are afforded many of the same rights. Today, we are living in democracies that are greatly hostile to long-term and common freedom. The choice of political party during election time is rather restrictive, though still essential, and the mass media is nearly wholly corporately owned and thus influenced, which consequently opens up to influence by the government, recompense for political favors to those organizations. This implies that the people’s mind is strongly being manipulated in making voting choices that aren’t really in their best interest, but in the short-term interest of the corporations and politician s. Moreover, the other thing that tends to manipulate the people’s mind into undervaluating freedom is the fact that the adults much of their working hours working in the corporate environment. I don’t really think corporations are democratic organizations, but instead, they are dictatorial

Music during WW2 and how it played a role Essay Example for Free

Music during WW2 and how it played a role Essay Music during World War 2 was made to help get people through depression and motivate the men and women fighting in Europe and Asia. Everyone was into patriotism at this time including the music they listened to. At this time music has expanded its demographic to younger audiences, before it popular music was mainly appealing for adults. It contained many uplifting styles of music such as swing, be-bop, and country. For example Frank Sinatra became very popular to the young teenage demographic. He was the first singing teen idol. He created more swinging music to help with the war with songs like The Birth of the Blues. Jo Stafford also became famous with her romantic World War 2 ballads. Most of her songs helped the troops overseas remember their wives and girlfriends back home. Other songs also helped like America Calling by Meredith Willson, which helped boost morale of the country and convinced men to enlist into the armed services. It reminds them about what this war is about and to support it. Angels of Mercy by Irving Berlin, which was created after the bombing of Pearl Harbor dedicating the American Red Cross nurses, portraying them as Angels of Mercy wounded victims overseas. Back Home For Keeps by Carmen Lombardo, which is about a wife waiting for her husband to return home. This song gave a good mood and also helped support the war. Cowards Over Pearl Harbor by Fred Rose, which gave great American Spirit by talking about how America will over Japan, the evil country. G. I. Blues by Floyd Tillman, which describes the view of an American Soldier at war. It describes them as being lazy and doing nothing, which makes him depressed and wanting to come home. His thinks that if they continue to have lazy soldiers, America will not be able to win. Hello Mom by Eddie Dunstedter, which was about more about the propaganda during the war and gave more morale. Plus, it also supported the war bonds. It helped the parents who had a son in the war make them feel better. Ma! I Miss You Apple Pie by a G.I. at a training camp, which summed up what America is fighting for. The Apple Pie symbolizes Americas Freedom and how a soldier misses his Apple Pie. Wonder When My Babys Coming Home by Kermit Goell and Arthur Kent, which is yet another  song about a wife or girlfriend waiting for her lover to come home, waiting in her house. Ive been Drafted Now Im Drafting You by Lyle Moraine Chuck Foster, which is about the pains about separation and a soldier convincing his girlfriend to be proud to so him in uniform. In conclusion, the music during World War 2 where mainly about the war, patriotism, propaganda, and much more with lyrics that helped Americans get through the war years.

Argument for the Use of Consensual Relationship Agreements (Cras) Essay Example for Free

Argument for the Use of Consensual Relationship Agreements (Cras) Essay Argument for the use of consensual relationship agreements (CRAs) in my current (or future) workplace Consensual Relationship Agreement (CRA) is a contract that both employees involved a romantic relationship sign to acknowledge that their relationship is voluntary and that they will abide by the policies of the company regarding anti-harassment and anti-discrimination. (Hellriegel Slocum ,2011). Office romance should be addressed in a more constructive and professional way just like behaviors such as attendance, dress codes, and non-disclosure agreements. If one can argue that it is perfectly acceptable for employees with personal challenges (such as death in the family, childbirth, sick family member) to receive assistance and, support in the form of personal time-off from work then it must be reasonable for other employees who become romantically involved to get some type of support from their employers. The risks of office romance can better be mitigated if the risk factors are known and managed. So, for example, lawsuits from employees who claim they were coerced into an office romance and disadvantaged by it would be avoided because employees signed the CRAs of their own volition. Allegations from other employees of real or imagined favoritism from a supervisor to a subordinate with whom he or she is romantically involved would be averted because HR would have already taken steps to ensure this does not happen. By creating a mechanism which provides specific and detailed guidelines for professional workplace behavior, HR professionals are able to educate and caution employees about appropriate or inappropriate workplace etiquettes. Privacy issues or lack thereof, as related to dating in the workplace would also be appropriately addressed with the employees involved so they cannot claim that were unfairly treated. Another compelling reason why one should argue for CRAs in their workplaces is that in light of the legal ramifications of the rights of employees in the workplace, CRAs become an expedient and prudent way to protect the interest of an organization and simultaneously provide safe and meaningful ways for employees to freely explore and express their sentiments for others who might feel the same way. Organizations spend a lot of time and resources on strategic planning and forecasting. The purpose of such planning is to position the organization to accomplish two major goals: stay abreast with, or ahead of, the competitive marketplace and change current processes and approaches that are not yielding desired, or expected results. These are proactive steps to assure progress and success. CRAs facilitate and enhance such strategic plans by staying ahead of a changing workplace in the modern age and ensuring that valuable human resources will not be lost and thereby jeopardize more important organizational goals and objectives. CRAs provide a framework for responsible behavior by employees, particularly, supervisors. It fosters a win-win work environment for employees who happen to be romantically involved with each other and for employers to provide guidance and direction for appropriate workplace behavioral expectations. By bringing the relationship into the open the employees involved would not feel pressure to go to great lengths to hide their relationship and could focus on being productive. Conversely, these employees would become pre-occupied with finding ways to hide their relationships if the company did not encourage workplace romance. Create a counter argument against the use of CRAs in your current (or future) workplace. Office romance must be forbidden in the workplace because it simply raises too many avoidable issues in the workplace. By its very nature, office romance predisposes employees involved to compromise their rational objective behaviors because their non-objective emotional senses tend to dominate their thoughts and actions. Romantic relationships are the result of spontaneous human behavior; they are not preconceived and therefore cannot be regulated or contained by contracts. Making CRAs a condition for employment is also not a good idea because, over time, the restrictions become unbearable and the parties involved find out that they are better off in different organizations where their actions and whereabouts will no longer be scrutinized by an assigned HR person. CRAs are tantamount to indirect employment agreement in that they indirectly impose restrictions on the individuals involved in the relationship and seek to protect the interest of the organization at the expense of the people who happen to be emotionally attracted to each other and choose to express those sentiments in an open and liberating way. CRAs simply become ineffective tools because the employees who even agree to sign them often find ways to secretly engage in behaviors that result in lapses in judgment because they are emotionally charged. In many respects, CRAs are intrusive and inherently designed to discourage workplace romance. By their very nature they put restrictions on a human behavior that is designed to be spontaneous and natural. Organizations are not equipped to handle issues of the heart and neither should they start now. Organizations need to focus on what they do best, increasing shareholder value and accomplishing other strategic goals and objectives. Discuss the ethical principles involved in the use of CRAs. There are many perspectives and convictions about what is, or is not ethical. However, there are no universally accepted principles and rules for resolving all ethical issues (Hellriegel Slocum ,2011). In a country with such great freedom of expression, one can only imagine the diversity of opinions and positions regarding the factors that drive people’s decisions and formulate their ethics. The range of such factors is as wide as the differences in people and this is reflected in the diversity of ethical principles. However, for the purposes of this paper only a handful of relevant ethics based principles Utilitarian, Professional Standards, Disclosure and Distributive principles will be considered: Utilitarian principle focuses on the magnitude, extent and impact of harm versus good of decisions that are made. The final decision is predicated on the weight of good versus bad – the greatest good for the greatest number (Hellriegel Slocum , 2011). On the basis of this principle, CRAs are believed to generate more good than harm for those who choose to engage in office romance. Disclosure Principle – This principle focuses on how most people in society will react to the details of a decision when it becomes public knowledge. Most organizations take social responsibility very seriously and will do their very best to garner positive public image. Consequently CRAs are viewed favorably by such organizations. Distributive Principle – This principle is predicated on fairness. The thrust of CRAs is a win-win arrangement for both the organization and the individual because most organizations generally perceive CRAs to be fair. Create at least one (1) other option besides CRAs that would address workplace romances. The only other option for workplace romances that may be plausible is for the organization to develop a set of policies based on the organization interest principle which focuses on the basis of what is good for the organization (Hellriegel Slocum , 2011). With this option, employees are expected to disclose any potential or actual conflict interest to the human resource professional within the organization. Conflict of interest covers a broad range of behaviors; however, this paper will focus on personal conflict of interest which stresses zero tolerance for discrimination and sexual harassment. This alternative approach to workplace romances would requires that an employee may not supervise someone with whom they have a close personal relationship such as anyone in their family, household or someone with whom they have or had a romantic relationship or other close personal relationship. Additionally, if one were to supervise someone even indirectly with whom they had one of the relationships described above, one must disclose the relationship promptly. Any acts of discrimination, sexual harassment or other harassment based on race, color, religion, age, gender, sexual orientation would be addressed under a zero tolerance policy.

Issues of Organizational Politics in the Workplace

Issues of Organizational Politics in the Workplace Introduction Organizations, like other institutions that bring together human interactions, are bound to have persons of diverse positions in the pecking order with divergent opinions and beliefs. Such divergent opinions and beliefs are manifested in the form of political posturing, and can at times bring an organizations activities to a standstill. Yet these politics in the organizations cannot be circumvented, as a direct consequence of the composite nature of organizational behavior and structure. Arguments may subsist as to whether organizational politics are beneficial or detrimental to the effective running of an organization. Such arguments are informed by the upshots of dissenting views within the organization, whether hierarchical or across departments, that have functional interdependencies. Nevertheless, a clear comprehension and appreciation of the complexity of an organization, regarding its behavioral and structural attributes, will be cognizant of the reality that politics is an in trinsic composition of any human-managed institution. Organizational politics are normally so complexly interwoven within the organizational structure that employee interactions, traditions, activities, performances and results are tremendously affected and shaped by them. It is necessary therefore to understand the impact of politics on organizations and try to channel the employee energy into meaningful output that does not undermine the overriding goals of the organization. Roots of Organizational Politics Organizational politics has varied and subjective definitions depending on the nature of the firm. Pfeiffer (1981, p. 7) describes politics as those activities taken within organizations to acquire, develop, and use power and other resources to obtain ones preferred outcomes in a situation in which there is uncertainty or dissensus about choices. This definition by Pfeiffer not only reveals the tight rope that managers have walk when carrying out their managerial duties, but it also unmasks the selfish interests that are always vested in organizations between and among departments. In fact organizational politics could be identified as the selfish and scheming behavior of employees and departments to advance vested interests at other employees and departments expense. These selfish interests are manifested through the scramble for organizational resources, employee and inter-departmental conflicts, struggle for power and headship and strategic control effected by managers, supervisor s and departments. These managers, supervisors and departments in the organization will carry execute these activities with the intentions of getting power, cultivating individual significance or stature, accessing sensitive and valuable information, concealing true intentions and crafting alliances. Browsing through the bulk of management literature one gets the impression that organizational management is a straightforward consensual performance unit, where concurrences on institutional goals readily abide and where managers, supervisors and subordinates freely communicate and merge their individual or departmental interests with those of entire organization. Some of these literatures claim that conflicts in the workplace can be totally eliminated by communication and transparency, or by laying off sections of the workforce that exhibit dissenting opinions. Such perceptions of organizations are diametric to the research findings of activities and processes within institutions, which reveal the existence of conflicts at all levels. Indeed, Henry Mintzberg (1989) posits that organizational politics is not an upshot of structure but power, and therefore communication and transparency cannot deracinate politics. Mintzberg goes ahead to assert that organizations only function on the foundation of influential systems like politics, authority, expertise and ideology. He adds authority, ideology, or expertise-have some basis of legitimacy. But sometimes those means are used to pursue ends that are illegitimate (Mintzberg 1989, p. 249). It is clear therefore that the organization management is not a rational process. It is easy to understand the root of an organizations politics once we understand the diverse values existent in the system. Different values by different departmental managers in an organization can foster divergent notions as to which part the organization should follow to realize development. This is always the primary cause of organizational conflict; divergent values. It is factual that departmental managers sometimes make arbitrary choices in the workplace and they always cover up their choices by politics. Politics will be used by some managers to rationalize some of their choices when a review into their decisions holds that their choices lacked empirical backing. In short, when a managers decision appears to lack empirical and supportive evidence, the manager will attempt frame the problem in a different way and rally colleague who are sympathetic to him or her. Framing a problem differently is always advised by the values of the people who the manager will be hoping to get backing from. Other than values, special interests subsist in every organization from the top to the bottom. The diversity in special interests is exhibited in aspects like funding for projects, allocation of resources to departmental units and career outlooks. Employees, especially managerial ones, are always ambitious in their career outlooks and this creates rivalry within the hierarchical ladder. But the rivalry over career interests is not as clearly manifested as the scramble for funding and resources (Bacharach Lawler 1980). The division of labor in the organization means a firm is partitioned into functional units also called departments. These demarcated departments are a sure source of political alignments as they line up employees against functional goals, which may not necessary go parallel with each other. To illustrate the causal political influence of departments on organizational set up, let us consider a scenario where the marketing department seeks to boost sales by improving delivery time and diversifying company products, while the production department endeavors to reduce the variety of products and having the least possible inventory. Such a scenario can only result in the alignment of employees in the two departments to the interests of their departments. Pfeiffer observes that the subunit differences that emerge from the division of labor are reinforced by differences in the training, backgrounds, and prior socialization of individuals recruited into different subunits (Pfeiffer 1981, p 73). Intrinsically, employees will subliminally have their allegiance to their departments and will side with it in case conflicts arise in the overall set up. The differences that exist between line and staff can also cause conflicts. R.D Aragwal notes that the relationship between line and staff are often characterized more by conflict than cooperation. Staff specialists complain that line managers are resistant to their ideas and line managers complain that staff managers are sky-gazing specialists with no comprehension of practical solutions (Agarwal 1983, p. 151). These posturings in the workplace are prevalent because of a number of reasons. Agarwal lists these reasons as: the evident ambition and idiosyncratic behaviors of the staff managers; the apprehension of the staff in justifying its organizational survival and get the appreciation for its efforts; the dependency of senior staff employees on line staff for their incumbent positions; indistinct designation of staff roles; and ignorance by higher management. Another source of conflict could be the reality that top managers seek to place themselves in positions that seem very approving in the eyes of the chief executive officers, directors or heads of departments. It is clear, like mentioned previously, that managers are very ambitious and seek promotions. But it is also crystal clear that as the hierarchical organization ladder goes up, the number of plum positions gets fewer and fewer. This fuels competition and rivalry among employees seeking a similar position. Because of the simple fact that promotions require credibility of a candidate, prospective promotion employees will attempt to outdo each other and triumph in small competitive conflicts. It is the attempts to prevail in smaller conflicts that reveal hidden agendas, which later set the stage for larger political battles. The small conflicts always result in underlying alliances and unspoken networks that are the basis of attaining power. Positively Exploiting Organizational Politics The comprehension of an organizations political set up is extremely important for management to steer the firm towards its objectives. Internally trained managers, supervisors and departmental heads will have a plus of acquaintance with general political circumstances existing in the company (various alliances and networks of influence, which can unlock an impasse or create one). Poached managers-those brought trained by other firms-ought to apply significant efforts to study and appreciate the prevailing organizational politics, by careful observation and conscientious interaction with various factions of employees. Buchannan and Badham (2008) hold that some of the pointers accessible for managers, supervisors and department heads for assessing the political environment are: overall employee satisfaction in organizational role, positive reaction to inventive ideas, decision-making efficiency and swift and speedy discharging of decisions. Insight is fundamental for management to take advantage of open channels and repress retrogressive organizational politics, and equally  boost their personal credibility.   Buchannan and Badham also hold that outstanding managers make use of political influence accessible to them in various situations so as to uphold the overriding interests of the organization. The moment a manager comprehensively appreciates the unique settings that cause the employees in an organization to shift loyalties towards particular special interests; the leaders can use the information about the nature of these politics to the benefit of the organization. A manager with an understanding of the politics of the organization surely has leverage that can enable him use the politics and graduate to higher headship position, with excellent orientation of institutional politics. With proper political orientation; a manager can proficiently time an opening to bring to light his or her contribution to the organization; guarantee that higher management will back delicate initiative or choices; utilize apposite personnel to communicate their message across; and respect the pecking orde r regardless of the hurdles it produce. Political insight is always tested when handling aspects like changes in the management or management crises. It is imperative a leader identifies the factions that are going to back him against those that will try to undermine his or her credibility. Unquestionably, managers are source of organizational influence, power and obviously politics. Because people inherently have needs and wishes and leaders possess the capability to offer these needs and wishes, leaders who accomplish or deliver these wants have power. Dennis Wong writes, The most general use of the word power in English is as a synonym for capacity, skill, or talent. This use encompasses the capacity to engage in certain kinds of performance (1979, p. 1). Managers can greatly repress political environment that has a negative effect on the attitude of employees and organizational outputs by linking employee wants and organizational objectives, in such a manner that realization of shared objectives also causes routine realization of personal needs. Managers, supervisors, and heads of departments must recognize that organizational politics is a result of the traditions of trust in the institution, which is created through rationalized values and promoted by communicatio n and transparency. Communication and transparency in processes and duties is crucial in generating a climate where cut-throat organizational politics does not completely replace progressive traditions that place importance on achievement of organizational goals. Politics in the organizational setting has rules and the sooner a manager or leader deciphers the basics, the sooner he or she will build alliances and networks that serve his or her interests. Organizational politics has pros and cons and can sometimes result in loss of job or can alternatively result in promotion, depending on who is calling the shots. Organizational politics is not confined to the higher management as every member of the firm from senior chief executive, department heads, supervisors and normal employees participates in power games at one point. Gilbert Fairholm nevertheless observes that Older group members use it more than those newly inducted into the organization. It is beyond doubt an instrument for securing organizational rewards (2009, p.38). The basics are simple: respect the chain of command, seek favoritism by appearing credible, improve on speed of decision making and avoid stepping on too many peoples shoes. To be the best; be driven by factual data, c reate alliances, admit mistakes, unravel motives of allies and rivals, align your interests with the organizations goals, seek common ground in stand-offs, and always agree to disagree (Forster Browne 1996). Conclusion Organizational politics is a contentious issue in many firms and has been the subject of studies by academic writers who have sought to understand the impact of organizational politics in the running of modern organizations. Once considered a hidden power dynamic, many organizations are now embracing the reality that human are inherently political animals and possess diverse values and notions regarding what aspects of organizational life are rational and what are not. Empirical data from renowned sociologists like Dennis Wong to management academician like Jeffery Pfeiffer all agree that suppressing organization culture is futile because human intrinsically compete for supremacy and survival. The workplace, being an area where most humans spend averagely 8 hours of their lifetimes has been transformed into a political arena. In an arena where dependencies prominently subsist, where there exist divergent targets and beliefs regarding innovation and technology use and where scarcity o f resources may exist, it is hard not to find competition for resources and stature. While a host of literatures on the subject of organizational politics might spend a considerable volume of their analysis on the merits or demerits of the contentious subject, most of them conclusively appreciate the reality that it is difficult to circumvent politics. Politics is about power and influence, and so is the organization.

Equity vs Debt Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Equity vs Debt Financial Statement Information - Debt and Equity Holders Debtholders and equityholders as claimants to a firm’s future cashflows are interested in assessing risk. Debtholders Debtholders are primarily interested in assessing whether the firm’s cashflow will be sufficient to make interest and principal payments on a timely basis The lower the probability of a cash shortfall, the lower the risk to the debtholder Debtholders therefore gather information about the firm’s liquidity, debt capacity and liquidation value of assets Equityholders Equityholders are residual claimants of the firm’s cashflows. Shareholders in effect, hold an option on the value of the firm’s assets, with the exercise price equal to the face value of the debt. It is well known that the option component of equity value increases with the variance of expected future cashflows – Black and Scholes (1973) and with the firm’s debt to equity ratio. Therefore, when equity has a large component of option-like characteristics, financial statement analysis focuses on assessing both the expected level and the variance of future cashflows when valuing equity. At extreme debt levels, the equity is a ‘deep in the money’ option and its valuation does not require the use of the option pricing model. More traditional valuation models suffice. Financial analysts are interested in assessing a firm’s Beta risk so that they can perform valuation of traded stocks, seasoned e... Equity vs Debt Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework Equity vs Debt Financial Statement Information - Debt and Equity Holders Debtholders and equityholders as claimants to a firm’s future cashflows are interested in assessing risk. Debtholders Debtholders are primarily interested in assessing whether the firm’s cashflow will be sufficient to make interest and principal payments on a timely basis The lower the probability of a cash shortfall, the lower the risk to the debtholder Debtholders therefore gather information about the firm’s liquidity, debt capacity and liquidation value of assets Equityholders Equityholders are residual claimants of the firm’s cashflows. Shareholders in effect, hold an option on the value of the firm’s assets, with the exercise price equal to the face value of the debt. It is well known that the option component of equity value increases with the variance of expected future cashflows – Black and Scholes (1973) and with the firm’s debt to equity ratio. Therefore, when equity has a large component of option-like characteristics, financial statement analysis focuses on assessing both the expected level and the variance of future cashflows when valuing equity. At extreme debt levels, the equity is a ‘deep in the money’ option and its valuation does not require the use of the option pricing model. More traditional valuation models suffice. Financial analysts are interested in assessing a firm’s Beta risk so that they can perform valuation of traded stocks, seasoned e...

The Sauerkraut Festival Essay -- Descriptive Essays, Observation

As I start walking south down sauerkraut enriched Main Street, I get the overwhelming feeling of claustrophobia. This particular weekend is the weekend for the Sauerkraut Festival. The street, being very crowded, has white tents set up on each side of the road with crafts to be sold. Immediately I see wicker baskets and photos that craftsmen are hoping to sell at the festival. As I continue to walk down the crowded street I catch the aroma of cinnamon. The high school wrestling team, which sells one of the non-sauerkraut products, cinnamon roasted almonds, is filling the air with a great scent, and drawing people to the seller’s booth with the scent. Across the street from them, the booth filled with crafts to commemorate firefighters is enjoying the crowd that the wrestling booth is drawing. With all of this attention to the almonds, the firefighter booth is catching some eyes and selling more than the booth would without the wrestler’s booth. As I continue to traverse down the congested street I see many more craft booths. Some of the booths are filled with hats, shirts, and an assortment of jewelry. Scents fill the air as well. The overwhelming scent of sauerkraut is very heavily in the air now. Sauerkraut hot dogs and bratwurst, as well as "kraut-burgers," which are hamburgers with sauerkraut on them, are being sold to help thicken the aroma. As I draw closer to the heart of the festival I hear music playing in the distance. I become curious and begin to try and walk a little faster. I come to the corner, sit on the stairs leading from the local bank, and listen to the band playing on the stage set up in the bank parking lot. It is an all male band with female line dancers dancing in front of the stage. The band is wea... ...estival because I am getting very annoyed at the people here. Once getting around all of the heavy traffic, I hear music again. I squeeze through the crowd, which is not moving at all, and the booths finally end. I find myself at a real traffic jam of cars, sitting on the road waiting at a red light, and one of the cars has its radio up quite loud. Then a police officer holds traffic and the massive group of people that I squeezed through all rushes across the road. I go with them and then return to my car. The trip to the festival was great, but I am not big into crafts. I would have a much greater time at the festival if the crowd was not so big; this way I can take all of the time that I need, and not have to worry about stepping on someone or running into someone. I now appreciate all of the time that the village puts into the festival. They do a great job.

Good Vs. Evil in To Kill a Mockingbird and Macbeth :: comparison compare contrast essays

Good Vs. Evil in To Kill a Mockingbird and Macbeth In literature, "evil often triumphs but never conquers." By definition, a triumph is only short- term. For example, something short- term would be an achieved title, a victor in a battle, or a winner in a game. These three things are only temporary, as triumphs usually are in novels. By definition, when something is conquered, it remains conquered perpetually. Usually the evil force is unable to conquer, because of the opposite side's mentality. Because of these definitions, this statement is showing that even though evil characters or actions prevail in battles or events, the feat would not last forever, especially in the hearts and minds of the opposite side. I agree with this statement because there is proof that this is true in novels that I have read. Many novels have this common theme: good versus evil. This theme is unquestionably shown in two works, Macbeth and To Kill A Mockingbird. Macbeth is a tragic play about a man who lusted after power, stole the throne of Scotland from the rightful Prince Malcolm, and threw the country into chaos throughout his evil reign. In the end, his own greed and guilt consumed him. Ironically, at the beginning of the play, Macbeth has everything going for him. This is an example of situational irony, because the audience sees him acquiring all of this power very rapidly, and would not expect that he would lose it all in the end. Macbeth, manipulated and encouraged by his own wife, murders King Duncan in order to seize the throne for himself. The stolen crown gives him no satisfaction, for he is riddled with guilt over the murder and fear of being discovered. All of these foul things Macbeth does to gain the throne are considered to be evil triumphs, which fuels his greed even more. In his own mind, he faces serious internal conflict, seeing these triumphs as not enough, because he wants to achieve absolute power. The cl imax of the play is at the banquet scene, when Macbeth can no longer hide his anguish and convicts himself saying "Thou canst say I did it." From this point on in the play, this is the end for Macbeth.

Moral Status of Animals in the Ancient World

Moral status of animals in the ancient world Main articles: Moral status of animals in the ancient world and Human exceptionalism Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam. The Book of Genesis echoed earlier ideas about divine hierarchy, and that God and humankind share traits, such as intellect and a sense of morality, that non-humans do not possess. Modern views of humans treatment of animals can be traced back to the ancient world. The idea that the use of animals by humans—for food and clothing is morally acceptable, springs from many sources. There is a hierarchy based on the theological concept of â€Å"dominion,† in Genesis (1:20-28), where Adam is given â€Å"dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth. † Although the concept of dominion need not entail property rights, it has, over the centuries, been interpreted to imply some form of ownership. 8][10] Other parts of the Bible strongly protest the abuse of animals, such as Balaam and the talking donkey in Numbers 22:28-33 [11] or the merciful command in Deuteronomy 25:4 to allow an Ox to feed whilst it treads the grain [12]. In the New Testament, the dove is used to represent the Holy Spirit of God in Matthew 3:16[13] and in Revelations 14:1,17:14 and John 1:29,[14] Jesus is described as a lamb; these two animal s are still depicted in some churches with respect[15][16], thus showing ancient influence in modern religion. At the same time, animals have been considered inferior because they lack rationality and language, and as such are worthy of less consideration than humans, or even none. [8][10]. Aristotle considered animals to have no rationality, but that they had a soul. [edit]17th century: Animals as automata [edit]1641: Descartes Further information: Dualism (philosophy of mind) and Scientific Revolution Descartes' remains influential regarding how the issue of animal consciousness—or as he saw it, lack thereof—should be approached. 17] â€Å"[Animals] eat without pleasure, cry without pain, grow without knowing it; they desire nothing, fear nothing, know nothing. — Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715)[18]† The year 1641 was significant for the idea of animal rights. The great influence of the century was the French philosopher, Rene Descartes (1596–1650), whose Meditations was published that year, and whose ideas about animals informed attitudes well into the 21st century. 17] Writing during the scientific revolution—a revolution of which he was one of the chief architects—Descartes proposed a mechanistic theory of the universe, the aim of which was to show that the world could be mapped out without allusion to subjective experience. The senses deceive, he wrote in the First Meditation in 1641, and â€Å"it is prudent never to trust wholly those who have deceived us even once. [19] â€Å"Hold then the same view of the dog which has lost his master, which has sought him in all the thoroughfares with cries of sorrow, which comes into the house troubled and restless, goes downstairs, goes upstairs; goes from room to room, finds at last in his study the master he loves, and betokens his gladness by soft whimpers, frisks, and caresses. There are barbarians who seize this dog, who so greatly surpasses man in fidelity and friendship, and nail him down to a table and dissect him alive, to show you the mesaraic veins! You disc over in him all the same organs of feeling as in yourself. Answer me, mechanist, has Nature arranged all the springs of feeling in this animal to the end that he might not feel? — Voltaire (1694–1778)[20] † His mechanistic approach was extended to the issue of animal consciousness. Mind, for Descartes, was a thing apart from the physical universe, a separate substance, linking human beings to the mind of God. The non-human, on the other hand, are nothing but complex automata, with no souls, minds, or reason. They can see, hear, and touch, but they are not, in any sense, conscious, and are unable to suffer or even to feel pain. 17] In the Discourse, published in 1637, Descartes wrote that the ability to reason and use language involves being able to respond in complex ways to â€Å"all the contingencies of life,† something that animals clearly cannot do. He argued from this that any sounds animals make do not constitute language, but are simply automatic responses to external stimuli. [21] [edit]1635, 1641, 1654: Fi rst known laws protecting animals Richard Ryder writes that the first known legislation against animal cruelty in the English-speaking world was passed in Ireland in 1635. It prohibited pulling wool off sheep, and the attaching of ploughs to horses' tails, referring to â€Å"the cruelty used to beasts,† which Ryder writes is probably the earliest reference to this concept in the English language. [22] In 1641, the year Descartes' Meditations was published, the first legal code to protect domestic animals in North America was passed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony. [23] The colony's constitution was based on The Body of Liberties by the Reverend Nathaniel Ward (1578–1652), a lawyer, Puritan clergyman, and University of Cambridge graduate, originally from Suffolk, England. 24] Ward listed the â€Å"rites† the Colony's general court later endorsed, including rite number 92: â€Å"No man shall exercise any Tirrany or Crueltie toward any bruite Creature which are usuallie kept for man's use. † Historian Roderick Nash writes that, at the height of Descartes' influence in Europe, it is significant that the early New Englanders crea ted a law that implied animals were not unfeeling automata. [25] The Puritans passed animal protection legislation in England too. Katheen Kete of Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut writes that animal welfare laws were passed in 1654 as part of the ordinances of the Protectorate—the government under Oliver Cromwell, which lasted 1653–1659—during the English Civil War. Cromwell disliked blood sports, particularly cockfighting, cock throwing, dog fighting, as well as bull baiting and bull running, both said to tenderize the meat. These could frequently be seen in towns, villages, in fairgrounds, and became associated for the Puritans with idleness, drunkenness, and gambling. Kete writes that the Puritans interpreted the dominion of man over animals in the Book of Genesis to mean responsible stewardship, rather than ownership. The opposition to blood sports became part of what was seen as Puritan interference in people's lives, which became a leitmotif of resistance to them, Kete writes, and the animal protection laws were overturned during the Restoration, when Charles II was returned to the throne in 1660. [26] Bull baiting remained lawful in England for another 162 years, until it was outlawed in 1822. edit]1693: Locke John Locke argued against animal cruelty, but only because of the effect it has on human beings. Against Descartes, the British philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) argued, in Some Thoughts Concerning Education in 1693, that animals do have feelings, and that unnecessary cruelty toward them is morally wrong, but—echoing Thomas Aquinas—the right not to be so harmed adhered either to the animal's owner, or to the person who was being harmed by being cruel, not to the animal itself. Discussing the importance of preventing children from tormenting animals, he wrote: â€Å"For the custom of tormenting and killing of beasts will, by degrees, harden their minds even towards men. â€Å"[27] [edit]18th century: The centrality of sentience, not reason Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued in 1754 that animals are part of natural law, and have natural rights, because they are sentient. [edit]1754: Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) argued in Discourse on Inequality in 1754 that animals should be part of natural law, not because they are rational, but because they are sentient: â€Å"[Here] we put an end to the time-honoured disputes concerning the participation of animals in natural law: for it is clear that, being destitute of intelligence and liberty, they cannot recognize that law; as they partake, however, in some measure of our nature, in consequence of the sensibility with which they are endowed, they ought to partake of natural right; so that mankind is subjected to a kind of obligation even toward the brutes. It appears, in fact, that if I am bound to do no injury to my fellow-creatures, this is less because they are rational than because they are sentient beings: and this quality, being common both to men and beasts, ought to entitle the latter at least to the privilege of not being wantonly ill-treated by the former. [28]† [edit]1785: Kant â€Å"Animals †¦ are there merely as a means to an end. That end is man. — Immanuel Kant[29]† The German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804), following Augustine, Aquinas, and Locke, opposed the idea that humans have duties toward non-humans. For Kant, cruelty to animals was wrong solely on the grounds that it was bad for humankind. He argued in 1785 that humans have duties only toward other humans, and that â€Å"cruelty to animals is contrary to man's duty to himself, because it deadens in him the feeling of sympathy for their sufferings, and thus a natural tendency that is very useful to morality in relation to other humans is weakened. â€Å"[30] [edit]1789: Bentham Jeremy Bentham: â€Å"The time will come, when humanity will extend its mantle over every thing which breathes† (1781). 31] Four years later, one of the founders of modern utilitarianism, the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), although deeply opposed to the concept of natural rights, argued with Rousseau that it was the ability to suffer, not the ability to reason, that should be the benchmark of how we treat other beings. If rationality were the criterion, many humans, including babies and disabled people, would also have to b e treated as though they were things. 32] He wrote in 1789, just as slaves were being freed by the French, but were still held captive in the British dominions: â€Å"The day has been, I grieve to say in many places it is not yet past, in which the greater part of the species, under the denomination of slaves, have been treated by the law exactly upon the same footing, as, in England for example, the inferior races of animals are still. The day may come when the rest of the animal creation may acquire those rights which never could have been witholden from them but by the hand of tyranny. The French have already discovered that the blackness of the skin is no reason a human being should be abandoned without redress to the caprice of a tormentor. It may one day come to be recognized that the number of the legs, the villosity of the skin, or the termination of the os sacrum are reasons equally insufficient for abandoning a sensitive being to the same fate. What else is it that should trace the insuperable line? Is it the faculty of reason or perhaps the faculty of discourse? But a full-grown horse or dog, is beyond comparison a more rational, as well as a more conversable animal, than an infant of a day or a week or even a month, old. But suppose the case were otherwise, what would it avail? the question is not, Can they reason? , nor Can they talk? but, Can they suffer? [33]† [edit]1792: Thomas Taylor Despite Rousseau and Bentham, the idea that animals did or ought to have rights remained ridiculous. When Mary Wollstonecraft (1759–1797), the British feminist writer, published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792, Thomas Taylor (1758—1835), a Cambridge philosopher, responded with an anonymous tract called Vindication of the Rights of Brutes, intended as a reductio ad absurdum. Taylor took Wollstonecraft's arguments, and those of Thomas Paine's Rights of Man (1790), and showed that they applied equally to animals, leading to the conclusion that animals have â€Å"intrinsic and real dignity and worth,† a conclusion absurd enough, in his view, to discredit Wollstonecraft's and Paine's positions entirely. 34] [edit]19th century: Emergence of jus animalium [edit]Legislation The first known prosecution for cruelty to animals was brought in 1822 against two men found beating horses in London's Smithfield Market, where livestock had been sold since the 10th century. They were fined 20 shillings each. Further information: Cruel Treatment of Cattle Act 1822, Cru elty to Animals Act 1835, Cruelty to Animals Act 1849, and Cruelty to Animals Act 1876 â€Å"What could be more innocent than bull baiting, boxing, or dancing? George Canning, British Foreign Secretary in April 1800 in response to a bill to ban bull baiting. [35]† Badger baiting was outlawed in England by the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835. Painting by Henry Thomas Alken, 1824 The 19th century saw an explosion of interest in animal protection, particularly in England. Debbie Legge and Simon Brooman of Liverpool John Moores University wrote that the educated classes became concerned about attitudes toward the old, the needy, children, and the insane, and that this concern was extended to non-humans. Before the 19th century, there had been prosecutions for poor treatment of animals, but only because of the damage to the animal as property. In 1793, for example, John Cornish was found not guilty of maiming a horse after pulling its tongue out, the judge ruling that he could be found guilty only if there was evidence of malice toward the owner. [36] From 1800 onwards, there were several attempts in England to introduce animal welfare or rights legislation. The first was a bill in 1800 against bull baiting, introduced by Sir William Pulteney, and opposed by the Secretary at War, William Windham, on the grounds that it was anti-working class. Another attempt was made in 1802 by William Wilberforce, again opposed by Windham, who said that the Bill was supported by Methodists and Jacobins who wished, for different reasons, to â€Å"destroy the Old English character, by the abolition of all rural sports† and that bulls, when they were in the ascendant in the contest, did not dislike the situation. 37] In 1809, Lord Erskine introduced a bill to protect cattle and horses from malicious wounding, wanton cruelty, and beating, this one opposed by Windham because it would be used against the â€Å"lower orders† when the real culprits would be property owners. [38] Judge Edward Abbott Parry writes that the House of Lords found the proposal so sentimental that they drowned Erskine out with cat calls and cock crowing. [39] [edit]1822: Martin's Act Further information: Badger baiting, Bull baiting, and Cockfighting â€Å"If I had a donkey wot wouldn't go, D' ye think I'd wollop him? No, no, no! But gentle means I'd try, d' ye see, Because I hate all cruelty. If all had been like me, in fact, There'd ha' been no occasion for Martin's Act. — Music hall ditty inspired by the prosecution under Martin's Act of Bill Burns for cruelty to a donkey. [40] † In 1821, the Treatment of Horses bill was introduced by Colonel Richard Martin, MP for Galway in Ireland, but it was lost among laughter in the House of Commons that the next thing would be rights for asses, dogs, and cats. 41] Nicknamed â€Å"Humanity Dick† by George IV, Martin finally succeeded in 1822 with his â€Å"Ill Treatment of Horses and Cattle Bill,† or â€Å"Martin's Act†, as it became known, the world's first major piece of animal protection legislation. It was given royal assent on June 22 that year as An Act to prevent the cruel and improper Treatment of Cattle, and made it an offence, punishable by fines up to five pounds or two months impriso nment, to â€Å"beat, abuse, or ill-treat any horse, mare, gelding, mule, ass, ox, cow, heifer, steer, sheep or other cattle. â€Å"[42] Any citizen was entitled to bring charges under the Act. 43] The Trial of Bill Burns, showing Richard Martin with the donkey in an astonished courtroom, leading to the world's first known conviction for animal cruelty. Legge and Brooman argue that the success of the Bill lay in the personality of â€Å"Humanity Dick,† who was able to shrug off the ridicule from the House of Commons, and whose own sense of humour managed to capture its attention. It was Martin himself who brought the first prosecution under the Act, when he had Bill Burns, a costermonger—a street seller of fruit—arrested for beating a donkey. Seeing in court that the magistrates seemed bored and didn't much care about the donkey, he sent for it, parading its injuries before a reportedly astonished court. Burns was fined, becoming the first person in the world known to have been convicted of animal cruelty. Newspapers and music halls were full of jokes about the â€Å"Trial of Bill Burns,† as it became known, and how Martin had relied on the testimony of a donkey, giving Martin's Act some welcome publicity. [40][43] The trial became the subject of a painting (right), which hangs in the headquarters of the RSPCA in London. 44] Other countries followed suit in passing legislation or making decisions that favoured animals. In 1882, the courts in New York ruled that wanton cruelty to animals was a misdemeanor at common law. [23] In France in 1850, Jacques Philippe Delmas de Grammont succeeded in having the Loi Grammont passed, outlawing cruelty against domestic animals, and leading to years of arguments about whether bu lls could be classed as domestic in order to ban bullfighting. [45] The state of Washington followed in 1859, New York in 1866, California in 1868, Florida in 1889. 46] In England, a series of amendments extended the reach of the 1822 Act, which became the Cruelty to Animals Act 1835, outlawing cockfighting, baiting, and dog fighting, followed by another amendment in 1849, and again in 1876. [edit]1824: Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals â€Å"At a meeting of the Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals, on the 16th day of June 1824, at Old Slaughter's Coffee House, St. Martin's Lane: T F Buxton Esqr, MP, in the Chair, It was resolved: That a committee be appointed to superintend the Publication of Tracts, Sermons, and similar modes of influencing public opinion, to consist of the following Gentlemen: Sir Jas. Mackintosh MP, A Warre Esqr. MP, Wm. Wilberforce Esqr. MP, Basil Montagu Esqr. , Revd. A Broome, Revd. G Bonner, Revd G A Hatch, A E Kendal Esqr. , Lewis Gompertz Esqr. , Wm. Mudford Esqr. , Dr. Henderson. Resolved also: That a Committee be appointed to adopt measures for Inspecting the Markets and Streets of the Metropolis, the Slaughter Houses, the conduct of Coachmen, etc. etc, consisting of the following Gentlemen: T F Buxton Esqr. MP, Richard Martin Esqr. , MP, Sir James Graham, L B Allen Esqr. , C C Wilson Esqr. , Jno. Brogden Esqr. , Alderman Brydges, A E Kendal Esqr. , E Lodge Esqr. , J Martin Esqr. T G Meymott Esqr. A. Broome, Honorary Secretary [40][43] † Further information: Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Richard Martin soon realized that magistrates did not take the M artin Act seriously, and that it was not being reliably enforced. Several members of parliament decided to form a society to bring prosecutions under the Act. The Reverend Arthur Broome, a Balliol man who had recently become the vicar of Bromley-by-Bow, arranged a meeting in Old Slaughter's Coffee House in St. Martin's Lane, a London cafe frequented by artists and actors. [40] The group met on June 16, 1824, and included a number of MPs: Richard Martin, Sir James Mackintosh, Sir Thomas Buxton, William Wilberforce, and Sir James Graham, who had been an MP, and who became one again in 1826. They decided to form a â€Å"Society instituted for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals,† or the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as it became known. It determined to send men to inspect the Smithfield Market in the City of London, where livestock had been sold since the 10th century, as well as slaughterhouses, and the practices of coachmen toward their horses. [40] The Society became the Royal Society in 1840, when it was granted a royal charter by Queen Victoria, herself strongly opposed to vivisection. [47][48] [edit]1824: Early examples of direct action Noel Molland writes that, in 1824, Catherine Smithies, an anti-slavery activist, set up an SPCA youth wing called the Bands of Mercy. It was a children's club modeled on the Temperance Society's Bands of Hope, which were intended to encourage children to campaign against drinking and gambling. The Bands of Mercy were similarly meant to encourage a love of animals. [49] Molland writes that some of its members responded with more enthusiasm than Smithies intended, and became known for engaging in direct action against hunters by sabotaging their rifles, although Kim Stallwood of the Animal Rights Network writes he has often heard these stories but has never been able to find solid evidence to support them. 50] Whether the story is true or apocryphal, the idea of the youth group was revived by Ronnie Lee in 1972, when he and Cliff Goodman set up the Band of Mercy as a militant, anti-hunting guerrilla group, which slashed hunters' vehicles' tires and smashed their windows. In 1976, some of the same activists, sensing that the Band of Mercy name sounded too accommodating, founded the Animal Liberation Front. [49]

Weimar Republic – Political, Social and Economic Issues

Political, economic and social issues in the Weimar Republic to 1929 Year 12 Modern History 2013 * Mrs Lynch Jenni Hamilton Due Date; 26th of March 2013 Word Count; 1,665 The collapsement of the Weimar Republic was due to many social, political and economical issues within. From its birth it faced numerous political problems, for which the causes were many and varied. These problems included political instability, deep divisions within society and economic crisis; problems were constantly appearing for the new government.The Weimar Republic never really had a stable political party, having a whole six different parties between 1924-1928 does not create stability. Many of these parties were also narrowly sectioned, with messed up priorities such as to look after the interests of class area of religion that they represented within the Weimar Republic, loyalty to democracy was of least importance. In 1929 the misery that had aided the efforts of Weimar’s enemies in the early 20s had been relieved by five years of economic growth and rising incomes.Germany had been admitted to the League of Nations and is once more an accepted member of the international community. The bitterness at Germany's defeat in the Great War and the humiliation of the Treaty of Versailles had not been forgotten but most Germans appear to have come to terms with the new Republic and its leaders. Gustav Stresemann had decided to take on the job of leading a battle for a policy he felt was in his nation’s vital interest even though he was tired and ill and knew that the opposition would be stubborn. Stresemann was the major force in negotiating and guiding the Young Plan through a ‘plebiscite’.This plan although opposed by those on the right-wing won majority approval and further reduced Germany’s reparations payments. The Weimar Republic was a bold experiment. It was Germany's first democracy, a state in which elected representatives had real power. The new W eimar constitution attempted to blend the European parliamentary system with the American presidential system. In the pre- World War I period, only men twenty-five years of age and older had the right to vote, and their elected representatives had very little power. The Weimar constitution gave all men and women twenty years of age the right to vote.Women made up more than 52% of the potential electorate, and their support was vital to the new Republic. From a ballot, which often had thirty or more parties on it, Germans chose legislators who would make the policies that shaped their lives. Parties spanning a broad political spectrum from Communists on the far left to National Socialists (Nazis) on the far right competed in the Weimar elections. The Chancellor and the Cabinet needed to be approved by the Reichstag (legislature) and needed the Reichstag's continued support to stay in power.Although the constitution makers expected the Chancellor to be the head of government, they inc luded emergency provisions that would ultimately undermine the Republic. Gustav Stresemann was briefly Chancellor in 1923 and for six years foreign minister and close advisor to Chancellors. The constitution gave emergency powers to the directly elected President and made him the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces. In times of crisis, these presidential powers would prove decisive.During the stable periods, Weimar Chancellors formed legislative majorities based on coalitions primarily of the Social Democrats, the Democratic Party, and the Catholic Center Party, all moderate parties that supported the Republic. As the economic situation deteriorated in 1930, and many disillusioned voters turned to extremist parties, the Republic's supporters could no longer command a majority. German democracy could no longer function as its creators had hoped. Ironically by 1932, Adolf Hitler, a dedicated enemy of the Weimar Republic, was the only political leader capable of commanding a legisla tive majority.On January 30, 1933, an aged President von Hindenburg reluctantly named Hitler Chancellor of the Republic. Using his legislative majority and the support of Hindenburg's emergency presidential powers, Hitler proceeded to destroy the Weimar Republic. Germany emerged from World War I with huge debts incurred to finance a costly war for almost five years. The treasury was empty, the currency was losing value, and Germany needed to pay its war debts and the huge reparations bill imposed on it by the Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended the war.The treaty also deprived Germany of territory, natural resources, and even ships, trains, and factory equipment. Germany’s population was undernourished and contained many widows, orphans, and disabled veterans living in poverty. The new German government struggled to deal with these crises, which had produced a serious hyperinflation. By 1924, after years of crisis management and attempts at tax and finance reform, th e economy was stabilised with the help of foreign, particularly American, loans. This relative â€Å"golden age† was reflected in the strong support for moderate pro-Weimar political parties in the 1928 elections.However, economic disaster struck with the onset of the world depression in 1929. The American stock market crash and bank failures led to a recall of American loans to Germany. This development added to Germany's economic hardship. Mass unemployment and suffering followed. Many Germans became increasingly disillusioned with the Weimar Republic and began to turn toward radical anti-democratic parties whose representatives promised to relieve their economic hardships. The government no longer had sufficient resources to support the German economy, but continued to print paper money.This caused rapid inflation, which Germany used as an excuse for not being able to pay its second instalment towards the reparations. The French government, however, decided to force German y to pay. It did this by sending French and Belgian troops to the industrial heartland of Germany, the Ruhr to collect reparations still owing to them, but the German Chancellor called for â€Å"passive resistance† by the workers of the Ruhr; a refusal to co-operate with the troops. This, however, led to the collapse of the German economy, as the government was forced to print more paper money in order to pay the striking workers in the Ruhr.This caused hyperinflation as Germany was not producing anything; its industrial heartland had been destroyed and yet the number of notes in its economy was increasing. The German currency soon became worthless and prices were constantly rising (For example, an American dollar in July 1914 was worth about 4 marks, whilst in November 1923, its equivalent in marks was 4,000,000,000,000 marks). This struggle is then proved by Gustav Stresemann in the following source; â€Å"We in Germany in recent years have lived on borrowed money, if a cr isis ever hits us and the American withdraw their short-term credits then we would be bankrupt †¦ e are not only militarily disarmed, we are also financially disarmed† The social effects of this hyperinflation were disastrous, particularly for the German middle classes who had lost all their savings and pensions as a result. Then, in September 1923, Gustav Stresemann called for the end of passive resistance in order to begin the restoration of the German economy. This led to great political humiliation however, as it showed that Germany had been forced to do what the French wanted.This led to the Munich Putsch, which was an attempt by the Nazi Party leader, Adolf Hitler to overthrow the government; Hitler was determined to show the German people that not all Germans were going to accept what the French had forced the German government to do. Bavarian police broke up the revolt however and Hitler was arrested. In Saxony, there was another revolt against the republic, but t his was a communist revolt and a communist government was set up, but Stresemann ordered this government to resign or else it would face military action.Therefore, the Ruhr Crisis led to economic collapse, political humiliation, dissatisfaction within society, further opposition to the Weimar Republic and finally, it’s devastating effects caused people to start looking towards extreme solutions. The Weimar Republic, in spite of all its problems, did survive the crisis that had befallen it between 1919 and 1923; even though it had inspired violent political opposition from right and left wing groups, it had faced a devastating economic situation creating a high level of discontent within society, and had brought about serious political humiliation upon itself, it had still managed to survive.All these problems contributed to the political difficulties which Weimar faced during its first few years; a general hatred amongst Germans of the new system and constant opposition towar ds it. The political issue of the Treaty of Versailles was probably the most important individual cause of Weimar's crisis however. It had been the Treaty of Versailles that caused nationalist opposition to Weimar and theGerman nation to step down to a second class power, losing much of its territory, having extreme military restrictions imposed on it, and it had been the treaty of Versailles that had brought about reparations, leading Germany into an extremely difficult economic situation causing further social tensions, and it had been this treaty that had inspired communist opposition by bringing about the need to get Germany back to work, causing the majority socialists (SPD) to cooperate with the old order.It can be argued that this treaty was responsible for most of the hatred of the German people towards Weimar between 1919 and 1923, but on the other hand, Germany would not have been able to negotiate peace had they not signed the treaty. Germany managed to survive this crisi s of economic collapse, political humiliation and dissatisfaction within society. Bibliography; Secondary Sources – * Republic to Reich, A history of Germany 1918-1939 Third Edition: K J Mason; Published 2007 * http://www. ohndclare. net/weimar5_affleck. htm Primary Source – * Republic to Reich, A history of Germany 1918-1939 Third Edition: K J Mason; Published 2007 Gustav Stresemann – page 43 â€Å"We in Germany in recent years have lived on borrowed money, if a crisis ever hits us and the American withdraw their short-term credits then we would be bankrupt †¦ we are not only militarily disarmed, we are also financially disarmed†